Roasting marshmallows over a gas fire pit creates something magical during cool evening gatherings.
The dancing flames create the perfect backdrop for making memories with friends and family.
Marshmallow roasting quickly becomes the highlight of any backyard gathering. Many fire pit owners wonder if propane fire pits work well for this classic activity.
Many fire pit owners worry about whether or not using their propane fire pits for cooking marshmallows is a good idea.
So… yay or nay?
Yes, you can safely roast marshmallows on a gas fire pit. Propane fire pits use the same clean-burning fuel as BBQ grills, making them perfect for marshmallow roasting. For best results, keep your fire pit media clean and use proper roasting tools. The controlled flame provides consistent heat without unwanted smoke or ash.
They have concerns about safety, taste, and potential damage to their investment.
These worries often prevent people from enjoying one of the simplest pleasures of outdoor entertaining.
This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about marshmallow roasting.
You’ll learn proper techniques, safety considerations, and maintenance tips specifically for gas fire pits.
We’ll also recommend the best tools to achieve that perfect golden-brown marshmallow every time.
Whether you’re a backyard s’mores enthusiast or new to propane fire pits, you’ll find valuable information here.
By the end, you’ll feel confident roasting marshmallows over your gas fire pit whenever the craving strikes.
Let’s get started with the basics of what makes gas fire pits great for roasting!
Table of contents
- Safe Marshmallow Roasting on Gas Fire Pits
- Propane Fire Pit Basics for Marshmallow Roasting
- Perfect Roasting Technique: Gas Fire Pit Marshmallows
- Cleaning & Maintenance After Roasting Marshmallows
- Essential Tools for Gas Fire Pit Marshmallow Roasting
- FAQs: Marshmallows Over a Gas Fire Pit
- Wrap-up: Perfecting Marshmallows Over a Gas Fire Pit
Safe Marshmallow Roasting on Gas Fire Pits
Safety always comes first when enjoying marshmallows over a gas fire pit. Propane is the same fuel used in backyard grills across America.
Therefore, it’s perfectly safe for cooking when used properly. However, a few precautions will ensure everyone has a fun and worry-free experience.
Health Safety of Cooking Over Propane
The propane used in gas fire pits burns cleanly with minimal smoke or residue. This clean burn makes it ideal for roasting marshmallows without unwanted flavors.
Additionally, propane produces fewer particulates than wood fires. This reduction in smoke can be better for those with respiratory sensitivities.
Keep your fire pit media clean to maintain this health advantage. Dirty lava rocks or glass can create smoke when food particles burn off.
Furthermore, regular cleaning prevents the buildup of potentially harmful residues.
For more on gas fire pits vs. wood burning fire pits, check out my article, Gas Fire Pits vs. Wood Burning: Which Flame Fits Your Outdoor Space
Fire Safety Tips for Marshmallow Roasting
Always supervise children when roasting marshmallows over any fire pit. Keep a fire extinguisher or bucket of water nearby for emergencies.
Moreover, place your fire pit on a non-flammable surface away from overhanging structures.
Never leave a lit fire pit unattended, even for a moment. Designate one adult as the “fire guardian” during gatherings.
This person ensures proper fire management throughout the evening.
Child Safety Around Fire Pits
Children love roasting marshmallows but need extra supervision around fire pits. Use longer roasting sticks designed specifically for kids.
These extended sticks keep little ones at a safer distance from flames.
Establish clear “fire pit rules” before starting your marshmallow roast. Then, demonstrate proper roasting technique before handing sticks to children.
Finally, create a designated “cooling zone” where hot marshmallows can safely cool down.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Avoid turning gas levels too high when roasting marshmallows. High flames can quickly burn marshmallows and create unnecessary risks.
Instead, maintain a medium flame for optimal roasting conditions.
Never toss marshmallows directly onto the fire media. This mistake can create sticky messes and damage your fire pit components.
Additionally, don’t use plastic or highly flammable materials as roasting implements.
5 Safety Tips for Roasting Marshmallows Over a Gas Fire Pit
- Keep roasting sticks long enough to maintain safe distance from flames
- Clean fire pit media regularly to prevent food buildup
- Use metal roasting sticks instead of wood for better control
- Establish a “cooling zone” away from the fire pit
- Keep water nearby for emergency flame control
By following these safety guidelines, you’ll enjoy worry-free marshmallow roasting sessions.
Next, let’s explore the basics of propane fire pits and how they differ from traditional wood fires.
Propane Fire Pit Basics for Marshmallow Roasting
Understanding how gas fire pits work will help you master roasting marshmallows over a gas fire pit.
These modern alternatives to traditional wood fires offer unique advantages. Yet, they also have a few distinct characteristics worth knowing about.
Gas Fire Pits vs. Wood-Burning Pits for Cooking
Gas fire pits provide consistent heat with adjustable flame control. This controllability makes them ideal for achieving the perfect golden-brown marshmallow.
In contrast, wood fires fluctuate in temperature and produce unpredictable flames.
Propane burns cleaner than wood, creating less smoke and ash. Therefore, your marshmallows won’t pick up any smoky flavors unless you want them to.
Additionally, you won’t have sparks or embers to worry about during your roasting session.
Starting and stopping a gas fire pit happens with the turn of a knob. This convenience means more time enjoying marshmallows and less time tending flames.
Moreover, cleanup becomes significantly easier without charred wood and ash.
Types of Propane Fire Pits Best for Marshmallow Roasting
Table-height fire pits work best for comfortable marshmallow roasting sessions. They position the flames at an ideal height for seated guests.
Furthermore, they often provide enough surrounding space for roasting supplies.
Look for models with larger flame areas for group roasting activities. These designs accommodate multiple roasters simultaneously without crowding.
Consequently, everyone gets to enjoy perfectly roasted marshmallows together.
Fire pits with adjustable flame controls offer the most versatility for roasting. You can dial the heat up or down based on your preference.
This adjustment capability helps prevent burnt marshmallows and frustrated guests.
Understanding Flame Control and Heat Distribution
The blue part of the flame generates the most heat for quick roasting. However, the yellow-orange tips provide gentler heat for gradual browning.
Use this knowledge to position your marshmallow at the perfect roasting height.
Most gas fire pits have flame adjustment knobs similar to gas grills. Start with a medium flame setting for optimal roasting conditions.
Then, adjust as needed based on your roasting results.
Windy conditions can affect flame patterns and heat distribution. Consider using a windscreen on breezy days for more consistent results.
Alternatively, position yourself to block the wind while roasting.
Impact of Fire Media on Marshmallow Roasting
Lava rocks distribute heat evenly across the fire pit surface. This distribution creates multiple good roasting spots around your fire pit.
Therefore, more people can roast simultaneously with consistent results.
Fire glass provides focused heat reflection with beautiful visual appeal. However, it can sometimes create hotter spots than lava rock.
Consequently, you’ll need to pay closer attention to your roasting technique.
Keep fire media clean and free from food debris for the best experience. Dirty media can create smoke and off-flavors when heated.
Additionally, sticky marshmallow drips become increasingly difficult to remove over time.
Comparison: Propane vs. Wood Fire Pits for Roasting Marshmallows
| Feature | Propane Fire Pit | Wood Fire Pit |
|---|---|---|
| Flame Control | Precise, adjustable | Variable, difficult to control |
| Flavor Impact | Neutral, clean | Smoky, woody |
| Start-up Time | Immediate | 10-15 minutes |
| Clean-up | Minimal | Extensive (ash removal) |
| Heat Consistency | Very consistent | Fluctuates |
| Cost Per Session | $1-3 propane | $5-10 firewood |
| Safety | No sparks or embers | Potential for sparks |
| Roasting Difficulty | Easier for beginners | Requires more skill |
Now that you understand the basics, let’s move on to mastering the perfect roasting technique for marshmallows over a gas fire pit.
Perfect Roasting Technique: Gas Fire Pit Marshmallows
The perfect marshmallow requires the right technique when roasting over a gas fire pit. Follow these proven steps for golden-brown results every time.
Your friends and family will be impressed with your marshmallow mastery!
What Makes a Perfect Marshmallow?
The ideal roasted marshmallow has a crisp, golden-brown exterior with a gooey interior. It should have even coloring around all sides without any burnt spots.
Furthermore, the marshmallow should be warm throughout but not melting off the stick.
A perfect marshmallow maintains its shape while becoming soft enough for s’mores. The exterior develops a thin, slightly crispy shell.
Meanwhile, the inside transforms into a warm, creamy consistency that stretches when pulled apart.
Preparation Steps
Choose high-quality marshmallows for the best roasting experience. Fresher marshmallows hold their shape better during roasting.
Additionally, standard-sized marshmallows roast more evenly than jumbo varieties.
Gather all necessary tools before lighting your gas fire pit. You’ll need proper roasting sticks, napkins, and any s’mores ingredients.
Consequently, you won’t leave the fire unattended once it’s lit.
Allow your gas fire pit to run for 3-5 minutes before roasting. This warm-up ensures even flame distribution across all burners.
Moreover, it helps burn off any residue from previous uses.
Detailed Roasting Technique
Finding the Ideal Flame Location
Look for areas with steady, medium-height blue flames. These zones provide consistent heat without scorching your marshmallow.
Avoid areas where flames shoot up erratically or appear significantly taller than elsewhere.
Position yourself comfortably to maintain steady hand control. Sitting allows for more precise roasting compared to standing.
Therefore, arrange seating around your fire pit before beginning your roasting session.
Proper Distance and Rotation Methods
Hold your marshmallow 4-6 inches above the flame for ideal results. This distance creates enough heat for browning without burning.
Consequently, patience becomes your most important ingredient!
Rotate your marshmallow continuously for even browning on all sides. Aim for one complete rotation every 3-4 seconds.
This consistent turning prevents any one side from overheating.
Use slow, deliberate rotations rather than quick jerky movements. Smooth rotations help maintain the marshmallow’s shape during roasting.
Furthermore, this control prevents accidental drops into the fire.
Timing Guidelines for Perfect Results
A properly roasted marshmallow typically takes 3-5 minutes over a gas fire pit. Watch for the exterior to turn light golden-brown before removing from heat.
Then, check for softness by gently squeezing the marshmallow with your roasting stick.
Be patient during the process—rushing leads to burnt exteriors with cold centers. Move the marshmallow closer to the flame only during the final 30 seconds if needed.
This finishing technique ensures complete warming throughout.
Visual Cues for Doneness
Look for an even, golden-brown color developing across the surface. Small bubbles forming on the exterior indicate proper caramelization.
Additionally, slight expansion of the marshmallow signals ideal internal temperature.
The marshmallow should maintain its shape while showing slight glossiness. If it begins drastically changing shape or dripping, remove it immediately.
These signs indicate overheating that will lead to burning.
Troubleshooting Common Roasting Problems
Problem: Marshmallow catches fire
Solution: Quickly remove from flame and blow out gently. Start over with a new marshmallow or continue roasting the unburnt side.
Problem: Uneven browning
Solution: Improve your rotation technique and position the marshmallow at consistent height. Additionally, check for uneven flames in your fire pit.
Problem: Marshmallow falls off stick
Solution: Push the stick further into the marshmallow before roasting. Also, avoid excessive movement while rotating.
Problem: Cold center with browned exterior
Solution: Roast longer at a greater distance from flame. Patience allows heat to penetrate completely without burning.
Advanced Techniques for Different Preferences
For Golden Enthusiasts: Maintain a 5-inch distance with continuous slow rotation. Focus on achieving an even, golden color throughout. This technique takes longer but creates that picture-perfect result.
For Char Lovers: Begin with standard roasting, then briefly place marshmallow in direct flame. Immediately remove and blow out flame. This method creates a charred exterior while maintaining a gooey center.
For Marshmallow Fluff Fans: Roast very slowly at 6-8 inches above flames. Rotate consistently for 7-8 minutes until marshmallow nearly doubles in size. The result offers maximum gooeyness with minimal exterior browning.
Now that you’ve mastered roasting techniques, let’s explore how to keep your gas fire pit clean and maintained for future marshmallow sessions!
Cleaning & Maintenance After Roasting Marshmallows
Proper cleaning keeps your gas fire pit ready for marshmallow roasting sessions. Regular maintenance extends the life of your investment.
Follow these simple steps to prevent sticky buildup and ensure optimal performance.
Importance of Post-Roasting Cleanup
Sticky marshmallow residue attracts insects and can clog burner ports. Food particles left behind will burn during future use.
This burning creates smoke and unpleasant odors during your next gathering.
Leftover sugars can caramelize on fire media and burner components. This hardened sugar becomes increasingly difficult to remove over time.
Furthermore, it can affect flame patterns and heat distribution.
Regular cleaning maintains the aesthetic appeal of your fire pit. Nobody wants to see burnt marshmallow remains during daytime use.
Additionally, clean fire pits create a more inviting atmosphere for guests.
Step-by-Step Cleaning Process
Immediate After-Use Cleaning:
- Turn off the gas and allow the fire pit to cool completely.
- Remove any visible marshmallow pieces using tongs or heat-resistant gloves.
- Wipe down surrounding surfaces with a damp cloth to remove sticky residue.
- Check roasting sticks and clean them immediately to prevent hardened sugar.
Deep Cleaning Procedure:
- Remove fire glass or lava rocks from the burner area.
- Rinse media with warm water to dissolve sugar residue.
- Allow media to dry completely before returning to the fire pit.
- Inspect burner ports for any clogs and clear with compressed air if needed.
- Wipe down metal surfaces with a mild soap solution.
Recommended Cleaning Schedule
Clean visible residue immediately after each marshmallow roasting session. This quick cleanup prevents permanent staining.
Moreover, it makes deep cleaning sessions much easier.
Perform a thorough inspection and deep clean monthly with regular use. Season your fire pit after cleaning according to manufacturer guidelines.
Subsequently, run the fire pit for 10 minutes to ensure proper function.
For seasonal users, conduct a deep clean before storing and again before first use. This practice prevents pest infestations during storage periods.
Additionally, it ensures safe operation when you reopen your fire pit.
Products and Tools for Effective Cleaning
Keep these cleaning essentials on hand for gas fire pit maintenance:
- Soft-bristle brush for removing debris from fire media
- Mild dish soap mixed with warm water for surface cleaning
- Microfiber cloths to prevent scratching metal surfaces
- Compressed air can for clearing burner ports
- Heat-resistant gloves for handling fire media
Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners on any fire pit components. These products can damage protective finishes.
Instead, stick with gentle cleaners specifically designed for outdoor appliances.
Preventing Long-Term Damage
Cover your fire pit when not in use, especially after marshmallow roasting. This protection keeps out debris and prevents weather damage.
Consequently, your fire pit will require less maintenance over time.
Store roasting accessories separately from your fire pit. Dedicated storage prevents scratches to fire pit surfaces.
Furthermore, it keeps everything organized for your next roasting session.
Consider applying a protective coating to metal surfaces annually. This treatment helps prevent rust and corrosion.
Therefore, your fire pit will maintain its appearance and function for many seasons.
Storage Tips to Protect Your Fire Pit
For portable propane fire pits, store in a cool, dry location between uses. Disconnect propane tanks and store them outside according to safety guidelines.
Additionally, cover the fire pit to protect from dust and moisture.
Fixed fire pits benefit from custom-fitted covers during off-seasons. Ensure proper drainage around permanently installed units.
Consequently, you’ll prevent water damage to components.
Clean and inspect your fire pit thoroughly before extended storage periods. This final check catches any issues needing repair.
Subsequently, your fire pit will be ready for immediate use when the marshmallow craving strikes again!
Now that you know how to maintain your gas fire pit, let’s explore the best tools for perfect marshmallow roasting.
Essential Tools for Gas Fire Pit Marshmallow Roasting
The right tools elevate your marshmallow roasting experience. Quality equipment ensures safety and better results.
Invest in these essentials for memorable backyard gatherings around your gas fire pit.
Comparison Marshmallow Roasting Stick Types
| Roasting Stick Type | Pros | Cons | Price Range | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telescoping Metal Sticks | Adjustable length, durable, easy storage | Can conduct heat, more expensive | $15-30 | Regular users, adults |
| Safety-Tip Roasting Sticks | Blunt tips, kid-friendly design | Limited length options | $20-35 | Families with children |
| Wooden/Bamboo Sticks | Inexpensive, traditional feel | Single-use, potential splinters | $5-10 for 100 | Large gatherings, rare users |
| Extra-Long Metal Forks | Greatest distance from fire, sturdy | Bulky storage, less precise control | $25-40 | Gas fire pits with higher flames |
Metal Telescoping Sticks
Telescoping metal sticks extend to keep you at a comfortable distance from the fire. These adjustable tools collapse for easy storage between uses.
Additionally, many feature wooden or heat-resistant handles for comfortable gripping.
Look for models with dual prongs to prevent marshmallow spinning. The extra tine keeps your treat perfectly positioned during roasting.
Furthermore, stainless steel options resist rust for longer-lasting performance.
Our top pick: HigherHuman Safety Smores telescoping sticks provide the best balance of safety and function. The reversed tines prevent accidental poking while maintaining perfect marshmallow control. Moreover, they extend to 26 inches for ideal distance from gas fire pit flames.
Safety-Focused Options for Families
Family-friendly roasting sticks feature blunt tips and extended lengths for child safety. These specialized tools keep little ones at a safer distance from flames.
Additionally, many include colorful handles for easy identification.
Consider sets with different colored handles to prevent sharing mix-ups. This simple feature eliminates arguments over whose marshmallow is whose.
Consequently, everyone enjoys a more pleasant roasting experience.
For family gatherings, we recommend MallowMe premium roasting sticks with their 32-inch extension capability.
The extra length provides added safety for children while maintaining roasting precision.
Furthermore, their sturdy construction withstands enthusiastic young roasters.
Traditional Bamboo Sticks
Bamboo sticks offer an economical option for occasional users or large gatherings. These disposable tools provide the traditional roasting experience.
However, they lack the durability and safety features of metal alternatives.
When choosing bamboo sticks, select options at least 36 inches long for gas fire pits. The extra length keeps hands safely away from flames.
Additionally, check for splinter-free construction before purchasing.
Remember that bamboo sticks cannot be reused after becoming charred. This limitation makes them less environmentally friendly than metal alternatives.
Therefore, consider the frequency of your marshmallow roasting sessions before choosing this option.
Must-Have Accessories for Marshmallow Roasting
Heat-Resistant Gloves
Heat-resistant gloves protect hands when adjusting fire pit settings or fire media. These protective accessories prevent accidental burns during enthusiastic roasting sessions.
Furthermore, they allow for quick rescue of dropped marshmallows.
Select gloves rated for high-temperature cooking applications. Silicone options provide excellent grip even when handling sticky marshmallow residue.
Consequently, you’ll maintain better control throughout your roasting session.
Cleaning Tools
A small brush and scraper help remove sticky residue from fire pit surfaces. These dedicated tools prevent damage to expensive components.
Additionally, they make cleanup quick and thorough.
Keep a spray bottle with mild soapy water nearby for immediate spot cleaning. This simple solution dissolves sugar before it hardens.
Therefore, your post-roasting cleanup becomes much easier.
Marshmallow Storage Solutions
Airtight containers keep marshmallows fresh between roasting sessions. Fresh marshmallows maintain their shape better during roasting.
Moreover, they deliver superior taste and texture in your finished s’mores.
Consider a dedicated s’mores caddy for organizing all ingredients. These specialized containers keep chocolate, graham crackers, and marshmallows in separate compartments.
Subsequently, assembly becomes quick and clean.
Where to Purchase Quality Roasting Tools
Major outdoor retailers carry specialized marshmallow roasting equipment.
Stores like REI, Bass Pro Shops, and Cabela’s offer quality options.
Additionally, their staff can provide expert recommendations based on your specific fire pit.
Online marketplaces provide the widest selection and competitive pricing.
Amazon, for example, features hundreds of roasting stick options.
Furthermore, customer reviews help identify the most reliable products.
Specialty cooking stores often stock premium roasting tools with ergonomic designs. These high-end options may cost more but provide superior control.
Consequently, your marshmallow roasting results improve significantly.
Fun Marshmallow Facts & Recipe Ideas
Marshmallows have a rich history dating back thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians created the original marshmallow using the sap from mallow plants.
However, modern marshmallows contain no actual mallow plant ingredients.
Today’s marshmallows consist primarily of sugar, water, and gelatin. This simple combination creates the fluffy texture we all love.
Additionally, manufacturers add vanilla flavoring for that classic taste.
Quick S’mores Variations to Try
The Classic: Graham cracker, chocolate bar, and perfectly roasted marshmallow.
Peanut Butter Dream: Add a thin layer of peanut butter to the graham cracker before adding chocolate.
Strawberry Delight: Use chocolate-covered strawberries instead of plain chocolate bars.
Banana Boat: Replace graham crackers with banana slices for a fruit-based alternative.
Cookies & Cream: Substitute chocolate cookies for graham crackers and use white chocolate.
Other Foods That Roast Well Over a Gas Fire Pit
Hot dogs roast beautifully over gas fire pits for a complete outdoor meal. The controlled flame cooks them evenly without charring.
Furthermore, cleanup remains minimal compared to grilling.
Slices of bread on roasting sticks make delicious toast points for outdoor appetizers. These simple treats cook quickly over gas flames.
Additionally, they can be topped with sweet or savory spreads.
Thin slices of apples caramelize wonderfully when briefly roasted over a gas fire pit. This healthier dessert option provides a warm, sweet treat.
Moreover, it pairs perfectly with melted caramel dip.
FAQs: Marshmallows Over a Gas Fire Pit
The BTU (British Thermal Unit) rating of gas fire pits directly affects marshmallow roasting by determining heat intensity and flame characteristics.
Higher BTU fire pits (50,000+ BTUs) produce more intense heat that requires holding marshmallows farther from flames to prevent burning and create larger flames, while making roasting time significantly faster.
Medium-range fire pits (30,000-50,000 BTUs) typically offer the ideal balance for marshmallow roasting by allowing users to find that “sweet spot” for achieving the perfect golden-brown exterior.
Lower BTU models (under 30,000) may require positioning marshmallows closer to the flame, but provide beginners more control and forgiveness with longer roasting times that help prevent scorching.
For optimal marshmallow roasting, experts recommend setting gas fire pits to a medium flame regardless of BTU rating and slowly rotating the marshmallow above rather than directly in the flames, as technique ultimately matters more than raw heat output.
Natural gas and propane do create different roasting experiences for marshmallows, though both fuel types are safe and don’t transfer unwanted flavors since they burn cleanly without imparting residues onto the marshmallows.
Propane burns significantly hotter than natural gas, producing twice as much heat as an equal amount of natural gas, which means you’ll need to position marshmallows farther from propane flames or risk faster browning and burning.
Natural gas fire pits typically burn cooler, making them more forgiving for beginners as they provide more control and allow marshmallows to be held closer to achieve similar results.
While propane offers higher heat efficiency and portability through tanks, natural gas provides the advantage of unlimited fuel without interruption for extended roasting sessions.
Regardless of fuel type, the roasting technique (slow rotation, proper distance) remains more important than the gas source for achieving that perfect golden-brown finish.
I’ll search for the best places to find s’mores recipes for your next gas fire pit gathering.
For your next gas fire pit s’mores session, explore innovative recipes on specialty food blogs, social media platforms, and cooking websites dedicated to outdoor entertaining.
City Bonfires offers creative variations like ice cream cone s’mores and savory versions with unexpected ingredients like brie, bacon, and Thai basil from their collection of “best-of-the-best, unique s’mores recipes”.
Outdoor GreatRoom suggests substituting traditional graham crackers with Oreos or fudge-striped cookies and experimenting with Reese’s cups or cookies and cream bars instead of plain chocolate for a creative twist on the classic recipe.
Websites like Over The Fire Cooking, Taste of Home, and specialized outdoor cooking blogs feature seasonal s’mores collections with detailed instructions and ingredient suggestions, while fire pit manufacturers often share recipe guides on their websites designed specifically for gas fire pit cooking techniques.
Wrap-up: Perfecting Marshmallows Over a Gas Fire Pit
Roasting marshmallows over a gas fire pit creates perfect outdoor memories with minimal fuss.
The controlled flame provides consistent results that even novice roasters can achieve. Plus, the clean-burning propane leaves no unwanted flavors.
Safety remains simple with proper tools and techniques. Kids and adults alike can participate with appropriate supervision and equipment.
The key lies in selecting quality roasting sticks and maintaining the right distance from flames.
Remember to clean your fire pit after each marshmallow session. This quick maintenance prevents buildup and keeps your investment looking great.
A well-maintained fire pit stands ready whenever the marshmallow craving strikes.
For more outdoor cooking ideas, check out our related articles on portable fire pits, outdoor desserts, and backyard entertainment essentials.
Your perfect marshmallow moment awaits! Thanks for reading.
